MetPy calc¶
Provides tools for unit-aware, meteorological calculations in the following categories:¶
Dry Thermodynamics
Moist Thermodynamics
Soundings
Dynamic/Kinematic
Boundary Layer/Turbulence
Mathematical Functions
Apparent Temperature
Standard Atmosphere
Other
Some methods require a vector or grid as input (e.g., calculations based on sounding profiles).
Those that do not can still be passed dimensional arrays, and will return like-sized arrays, even if they appear to be scalar functions.
[1]:
import metpy.calc as calc
import metpy.constants as c
from metpy.units import units
import numpy as np
.
There are some very simple calculations, like potential temperature from pressure and temperature:
[2]:
calc.potential_temperature(800. * units.hectopascal, 273. * units.kelvin)
[2]:
Series example¶
Given a list of model sigma coordinates in the vertical and the surface pressure, return the list of model pressure levels:
[3]:
sigma = [0.995, 0.9821, 0.9644, 0.9425, 0.9159, 0.8838, 0.8458,
0.8014, 0.7508, 0.6943, 0.6329, 0.5681, 0.5017, 0.4357,
0.372, 0.3125, 0.2582, 0.2101, 0.1682, 0.1326, 0.1028,
0.0782, 0.058, 0.0418, 0.0288, 0.0183, 0.0101, 0.0027] * units.dimensionless
plevs = calc.sigma_to_pressure(sigma,1013.0 * units.millibar, 0.0 * units.millibar)
list(np.around(plevs,decimals=2))
[3]:
[1007.94 <Unit('millibar')>,
994.87 <Unit('millibar')>,
976.94 <Unit('millibar')>,
954.75 <Unit('millibar')>,
927.81 <Unit('millibar')>,
895.29 <Unit('millibar')>,
856.8 <Unit('millibar')>,
811.82 <Unit('millibar')>,
760.56 <Unit('millibar')>,
703.33 <Unit('millibar')>,
641.13 <Unit('millibar')>,
575.49 <Unit('millibar')>,
508.22 <Unit('millibar')>,
441.36 <Unit('millibar')>,
376.84 <Unit('millibar')>,
316.56 <Unit('millibar')>,
261.56 <Unit('millibar')>,
212.83 <Unit('millibar')>,
170.39 <Unit('millibar')>,
134.32 <Unit('millibar')>,
104.14 <Unit('millibar')>,
79.22 <Unit('millibar')>,
58.75 <Unit('millibar')>,
42.34 <Unit('millibar')>,
29.17 <Unit('millibar')>,
18.54 <Unit('millibar')>,
10.23 <Unit('millibar')>,
2.74 <Unit('millibar')>]
[4]:
plevs.to(units.pascal)
[4]:
Nesting¶
Functions can be nested. For example, there is not a function to calculate specific humidity directly from relative humidity, but there are functions for relative humidity to dewpoint, and then dewpoint to specific humidity:
[5]:
calc.specific_humidity_from_dewpoint(calc.dewpoint_rh(95 * units.degF, 50 * units.percent), 29.92 * units.inHg)
/homes/kpegion/.conda/envs/aoes/lib/python3.6/site-packages/metpy/xarray.py:655: MetpyDeprecationWarning: The dewpoint_rh function was deprecated in version 0.12. This function has been renamed dewpoint_from_relative_humidity.
return func(*args, **kwargs)
[5]:
More powerful functions¶
Here is an example of calculating CAPE and CIN from profiles of temperature and dewpoint (e.g., from a radiosonde):
[6]:
t_profile = [299.10, 300.08, 300.18, 300.28, 300.40, 300.50, 300.57, 300.59,
300.56, 300.52, 300.59, 300.26, 299.30, 298.96, 298.47, 297.90,
297.23, 296.46, 295.58, 294.68, 293.94, 293.46, 293.13, 292.65,
291.96, 291.15, 290.26, 289.34, 288.23, 286.91, 285.51, 284.15,
281.99, 280.00, 278.20, 276.52, 275.46, 273.96, 271.22, 269.24,
265.27, 265.24, 264.11, 262.99, 260.92, 259.68, 257.17, 256.84,
254.82, 252.79, 250.66, 248.49, 246.34, 244.41, 242.85, 240.85] * units.kelvin
td_profile = [294.94, 295.25, 295.18, 295.12, 295.07, 295.01, 294.95, 294.88,
294.79, 294.66, 294.41, 293.35, 292.61, 292.12, 291.72, 291.28,
290.77, 290.63, 290.54, 290.38, 289.62, 287.89, 285.89, 284.3 ,
282.83, 281.19, 279.36, 277.59, 276.23, 275.34, 273.88, 270.3 ,
263.84, 256.68, 250.94, 247.86, 243.36, 240.34, 237.07, 239.96,
238.58, 235.17, 232.41, 231.57, 233.72, 240.21, 244.34, 243.2 ,
239.54, 236.16, 234.42, 235.03, 237.08, 235.84, 230.25, 224.31] * units.kelvin
p_profile = [978.08, 976.92, 974.49, 971.84, 968.94, 965.78, 962.34, 958.58,
954.49, 950.03, 945.19, 939.94, 934.23, 928.06, 921.37, 914.15,
906.36, 897.97, 888.95, 879.27, 868.92, 857.86, 846.07, 833.54,
820.27, 806.24, 791.47, 775.96, 759.73, 742.82, 725.26, 707.1 ,
688.41, 669.24, 649.67, 629.79, 609.69, 589.47, 569.21, 549.02,
529.01, 509.26, 489.88, 471.01, 452.69, 434.94, 417.76, 401.11,
385.01, 369.42, 354.35, 339.77, 325.68, 312.07, 298.92, 286.22] * units.hectopascal
calc.surface_based_cape_cin(p_profile, t_profile, td_profile)
[6]:
(1120.4139829861845 <Unit('joule / kilogram')>,
-188.78510536438793 <Unit('joule / kilogram')>)
Dry Thermodynamics¶
add_height_to_pressure(pressure, height) Calculate the pressure at a certain height above another pressure level.
add_pressure_to_height(height, pressure) Calculate the height at a certain pressure above another height.
density(pressure, temperature, mixing[, …]) Calculate density.
dry_lapse(pressure, temperature[, ref_pressure]) Calculate the temperature at a level assuming only dry processes.
dry_static_energy(heights, temperature) Calculate the dry static energy of parcels.
geopotential_to_height(geopot) Compute height from a given geopotential.
height_to_geopotential(height) Compute geopotential for a given height.
mean_pressure_weighted(pressure, *args, **kwargs) Calculate pressure-weighted mean of an arbitrary variable through a layer.
potential_temperature(pressure, temperature) Calculate the potential temperature.
sigma_to_pressure(sigma, psfc, ptop) Calculate pressure from sigma values.
static_stability(pressure, temperature[, axis]) Calculate the static stability within a vertical profile.
temperature_from_potential_temperature(…) Calculate the temperature from a given potential temperature.
thickness_hydrostatic(pressure, temperature, …) Calculate the thickness of a layer via the hypsometric equation.
Moist Thermodynamics¶
dewpoint(e) Calculate the ambient dewpoint given the vapor pressure.
dewpoint_from_specific_humidity(…) Calculate the dewpoint from specific humidity, temperature, and pressure.
dewpoint_rh(temperature, rh) Calculate the ambient dewpoint given air temperature and relative humidity.
equivalent_potential_temperature(pressure, …) Calculate equivalent potential temperature.
mixing_ratio(part_press, tot_press[, …]) Calculate the mixing ratio of a gas.
mixing_ratio_from_relative_humidity(…) Calculate the mixing ratio from relative humidity, temperature, and pressure.
mixing_ratio_from_specific_humidity(…) Calculate the mixing ratio from specific humidity.
moist_lapse(pressure, temperature[, …]) Calculate the temperature at a level assuming liquid saturation processes.
moist_static_energy(heights, temperature, …) Calculate the moist static energy of parcels.
precipitable_water(dewpt, pressure[, …]) Calculate precipitable water through the depth of a sounding.
psychrometric_vapor_pressure_wet(…[, …]) Calculate the vapor pressure with wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures.
relative_humidity_from_dewpoint(temperature, …) Calculate the relative humidity.
relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(…) Calculate the relative humidity from mixing ratio, temperature, and pressure.
relative_humidity_from_specific_humidity(…) Calculate the relative humidity from specific humidity, temperature, and pressure.
relative_humidity_wet_psychrometric(…) Calculate the relative humidity with wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures.
saturation_equivalent_potential_temperature(…) Calculate saturation equivalent potential temperature.
saturation_mixing_ratio(tot_press, temperature) Calculate the saturation mixing ratio of water vapor.
saturation_vapor_pressure(temperature) Calculate the saturation water vapor (partial) pressure.
specific_humidity_from_dewpoint(dewpoint, …) Calculate the specific humidity from the dewpoint temperature and pressure.
specific_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(mixing_ratio) Calculate the specific humidity from the mixing ratio.
thickness_hydrostatic_from_relative_humidity(…) Calculate the thickness of a layer given pressure, temperature and relative humidity.
vapor_pressure(pressure, mixing) Calculate water vapor (partial) pressure.
vertical_velocity(omega, pressure, temperature) Calculate w from omega assuming hydrostatic conditions.
vertical_velocity_pressure(w, pressure, …) Calculate omega from w assuming hydrostatic conditions.
virtual_potential_temperature(pressure, …) Calculate virtual potential temperature.
virtual_temperature(temperature, mixing[, …]) Calculate virtual temperature.
wet_bulb_temperature(pressure, temperature, …) Calculate the wet-bulb temperature using Normand’s rule.
Soundings¶
bulk_shear(pressure, u, v[, heights, …]) Calculate bulk shear through a layer.
bunkers_storm_motion(pressure, u, v, heights) Calculate the Bunkers right-mover and left-mover storm motions and sfc-6km mean flow.
cape_cin(pressure, temperature, dewpt, …) Calculate CAPE and CIN.
critical_angle(pressure, u, v, heights, …) Calculate the critical angle.
el(pressure, temperature, dewpt[, …]) Calculate the equilibrium level.
lcl(pressure, temperature, dewpt[, …]) Calculate the lifted condensation level (LCL) using from the starting point.
lfc(pressure, temperature, dewpt[, …]) Calculate the level of free convection (LFC).
mixed_layer(p, *args, **kwargs) Mix variable(s) over a layer, yielding a mass-weighted average.
mixed_parcel(p, temperature, dewpt[, …]) Calculate the properties of a parcel mixed from a layer.
most_unstable_cape_cin(pressure, …) Calculate most unstable CAPE/CIN.
most_unstable_parcel(pressure, temperature, …) Determine the most unstable parcel in a layer.
parcel_profile(pressure, temperature, dewpt) Calculate the profile a parcel takes through the atmosphere.
parcel_profile_with_lcl(pressure, …) Calculate the profile a parcel takes through the atmosphere.
significant_tornado(sbcape, …) Calculate the significant tornado parameter (fixed layer).
storm_relative_helicity(u, v, heights, depth) Calculate storm relative helicity.
supercell_composite(mucape, …) Calculate the supercell composite parameter.
surface_based_cape_cin(pressure, …) Calculate surface-based CAPE and CIN.
Dynamic/Kinematic¶
absolute_momentum(u_wind, v_wind[, index]) Calculate cross-sectional absolute momentum (also called pseudoangular momentum).
absolute_vorticity(u, v, dx, dy, lats[, …]) Calculate the absolute vorticity of the horizontal wind.
advection(scalar, wind, deltas) Calculate the advection of a scalar field by the wind.
ageostrophic_wind(heights, f, dx, dy, u, v) Calculate the ageostrophic wind given from the heights or geopotential.
coriolis_parameter(latitude) Calculate the coriolis parameter at each point.
divergence(u, v, dx, dy) Calculate the horizontal divergence of a vector.
exner_function(pressure[, reference_pressure]) Calculate the Exner function.
frontogenesis(thta, u, v, dx, dy[, dim_order]) Calculate the 2D kinematic frontogenesis of a temperature field.
geostrophic_wind(heights, f, dx, dy) Calculate the geostrophic wind given from the heights or geopotential.
inertial_advective_wind(u, v, u_geostrophic, …) Calculate the inertial advective wind.
kinematic_flux(vel, b[, perturbation, axis]) Compute the kinematic flux from two time series.
montgomery_streamfunction(height, temperature) Compute the Montgomery Streamfunction on isentropic surfaces.
potential_vorticity_baroclinic(…) Calculate the baroclinic potential vorticity.
potential_vorticity_barotropic(heights, u, …) Calculate the barotropic (Rossby) potential vorticity.
q_vector(u, v, temperature, pressure, dx, dy) Calculate Q-vector at a given pressure level using the u, v winds and temperature.
shearing_deformation(u, v, dx, dy) Calculate the shearing deformation of the horizontal wind.
stretching_deformation(u, v, dx, dy) Calculate the stretching deformation of the horizontal wind.
total_deformation(u, v, dx, dy) Calculate the horizontal total deformation of the horizontal wind.
vorticity(u, v, dx, dy) Calculate the vertical vorticity of the horizontal wind.
wind_components(speed, wdir) Calculate the U, V wind vector components from the speed and direction.
wind_direction(u, v[, convention]) Compute the wind direction from u and v-components.
wind_speed(u, v) Compute the wind speed from u and v-components.
Boundary Layer/Turbulence¶
brunt_vaisala_frequency(heights, …[, axis]) Calculate the Brunt-Vaisala frequency.
brunt_vaisala_frequency_squared(heights, …) Calculate the square of the Brunt-Vaisala frequency.
brunt_vaisala_period(heights, …[, axis]) Calculate the Brunt-Vaisala period.
friction_velocity(u, w[, v, perturbation, axis]) Compute the friction velocity from the time series of velocity components.
tke(u, v, w[, perturbation, axis]) Compute turbulence kinetic energy.
Mathematical Functions¶
cross_section_components(data_x, data_y[, index]) Obtain the tangential and normal components of a cross-section of a vector field.
first_derivative(f, **kwargs) Calculate the first derivative of a grid of values.
gradient(f, **kwargs) Calculate the gradient of a grid of values.
grid_deltas_from_dataarray(f) Calculate the horizontal deltas between grid points of a DataArray.
laplacian(f, **kwargs) Calculate the laplacian of a grid of values.
lat_lon_grid_deltas(longitude, latitude, …) Calculate the delta between grid points that are in a latitude/longitude format.
normal_component(data_x, data_y[, index]) Obtain the normal component of a cross-section of a vector field.
second_derivative(f, **kwargs) Calculate the second derivative of a grid of values.
tangential_component(data_x, data_y[, index]) Obtain the tangential component of a cross-section of a vector field.
unit_vectors_from_cross_section(cross[, index]) Calculate the unit tanget and unit normal vectors from a cross-section.
Apparent Temperature¶
apparent_temperature(temperature, rh, speed) Calculate the current apparent temperature.
heat_index(temperature, rh[, mask_undefined]) Calculate the Heat Index from the current temperature and relative humidity.
windchill(temperature, speed[, …]) Calculate the Wind Chill Temperature Index (WCTI).
Standard Atmosphere¶
altimeter_to_sea_level_pressure(…) Convert the altimeter setting to sea-level pressure.
altimeter_to_station_pressure(…) Convert the altimeter measurement to station pressure.
height_to_pressure_std(height) Convert height data to pressures using the U.S.
pressure_to_height_std(pressure) Convert pressure data to heights using the U.S.
Other¶
angle_to_direction(input_angle[, full, level]) Convert the meteorological angle to directional text.
find_bounding_indices(arr, values, axis[, …]) Find the indices surrounding the values within arr along axis.
find_intersections(x, a, b[, direction, log_x]) Calculate the best estimate of intersection.
get_layer(pressure, *args, **kwargs) Return an atmospheric layer from upper air data with the requested bottom and depth.
get_layer_heights(heights, depth, *args, …) Return an atmospheric layer from upper air data with the requested bottom and depth.
get_perturbation(ts[, axis]) Compute the perturbation from the mean of a time series.
isentropic_interpolation(theta_levels, …) Interpolate data in isobaric coordinates to isentropic coordinates.
nearest_intersection_idx(a, b) Determine the index of the point just before two lines with common x values.
parse_angle(input_dir) Calculate the meteorological angle from directional text.
reduce_point_density(points, radius[, priority]) Return a mask to reduce the density of points in irregularly-spaced data.
resample_nn_1d(a, centers) Return one-dimensional nearest-neighbor indexes based on user-specified centers.
smooth_gaussian(scalar_grid, n) Filter with normal distribution of weights.
smooth_n_point(scalar_grid[, n, passes]) Filter with normal distribution of weights.